07商英 《商务翻译》 第6周讲义资料

授课题目

第六章 长句的翻译（英译汉）

教具准备

教材、PPT

授课日期

2008年9月25、29日第 4、5  周

课时安排

3 periods

教学目的与要求

After learning this chapter, the students are expected to

grasp the techniques of translating English long sentences to Chinese

教学重点难点

The techniques of recasting and do the long sentence translation flexibly.

教学设计与时间安排

方法及手段

一、【In-Class Presentation】

二、 Techniques of Translating Long English Sentences

•        Embedding (内嵌法/前置法)

•        Cutting (切分法/顺译法)

•        Splitting （拆译法）

•        Reversing （逆译法）

•        Inserting （插入法/补充说明法）

•        Recasting （重组法）

三、

Embedding

•        Embedding means placing the modifiers (including phrases and clauses) before the word being modified, thus the modifiers are embedded in the Chinese sentence. This is quite opposite to the English order in which modifiers longer than two words usually take the end-position. The pre-position embedding makes the Chinese version compact and coherent, therefore,  it is frequently adopted in translating attributive clauses.

Eg.

•        Nations will usually produce and export those goods in which they have the greatest comparative advantage, and import those items in which they have the least comparative advantage.

    各国通常都生产和出口那些他们最具比较优势的产品，而进口那些他们最不具有比较优势的产品。

•        This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party.

    这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。

•        Someone who has bounced between two parents will not marry with the thought that “we can always get a divorce if it doesn’t work.” Someone who has viewed the nightmarish results of political policies and recreational activities that were rather innocently begun will be more careful to consider the implications of new seductions at the outset.

    一个频频来往于离异父母之间的人，绝不会带着“过不下去总还可以离婚”的想法去结婚。一个目睹合法的政治决策合娱乐活动却落得噩梦般结局的人，面对新的诱惑，就会从一开始便更加小心谨慎地考虑后果。

Cutting

By means of cutting, we may sever a long English sentence and rearrange the parts in sense groups, and then translate them separately into Chinese.（切分法顺应汉语的特点，按照意群来切分英语长句，“化整为零”，使译文符合汉语多用短句的特点。）

•        His hours were most perplexing; he would generally work very late at night, sometimes till four or five in the morning, if there was much work on hand, go to library about eleven, return for lunch, then back to the library again, with perhaps a visit to a Board or Syndicate till tea-time—for he took no exercise except spasmodically.

    他的工作时间很令人费解：他通常工作到深夜，有时直到凌晨四五点钟，如果手头有很多工作的话；十一点左右去图书馆，回来吃午饭，然后又回到图书馆；到下午茶时分他也许去校理事会或者委员会—除了偶尔活动一下，他从来不锻炼。

Splitting

•        Splitting means taking certain elements (word, phrase, or clause) out of a sentence and treating them separately.

•        与切分法不同的是，拆译法需要改变原长句的语序，即英语句子中某些成分的次序有所变动，或提前或挪后。

1)      Splitting a Single word

       An outsider’s success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want.

       说来奇怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望得到的协议。

•        The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible—about one in four.

    大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信！

2) Splitting Phrases

    My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a  mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away.

    我的母亲简.蓝普顿.克莱门斯是在她88岁那年去世的。这对于一位40岁时就身体纤弱、被公认有痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世的人来说，是难得的高龄。

3) Splitting Clauses

    The assertion that it was difficult, if not possible, for a people to enjoy its basic right unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.

    如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。

Reversing

•        Reversing in translating long and complex English sentences refers to adjusting the sequence of a given sentence so as to make it confirm to Chinese usage. A sentence element of pre-position may be placed at the end of the whole text, and on the other hand, an end-position element may be placed at its beginning.

•        And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.

    吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地的敌人，由于一路受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没能占领外围地带。这一事实使我增强了信心。

•        Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

    许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。

•        I don’t think that even I could produce any effect on a character that according to his own brother’s admission is irretrievably weak and vacillating.

    他自己的哥哥都承认他性格懦弱，意志动摇，到了不可救药的地步；对这种人，我看连我也起不了什么作用。

•        In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago—although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more a fraction of it.

    虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，而且任何人也只可能了解其中的一小不分，但事实上，各学科之间界线却变得模糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样的“单一整体”。

Inserting

•        Inserting means putting some additional punctuation marks such as dash, parenthesis, colon, etc., in a long and complex sentence so as to make the Chinese version both clear and smooth. So far as idiomatic Chinese is concerned, the inserting part should be restricted in length (approximately within 20 Chinese characters), otherwise, it would be incongruous with Chinese usage.

•        我国古汉语中没有破折句，也没有使用括号的句子，使用插入法译出的句子不太符合汉语句子的表达习惯，因而被一些学者看做是“欧化句式”。虽然现代汉语已逐渐接纳了这种补充说明的方式，译者还是应该尽量少用这种方法。

•        The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.

    第二个方面是全体社会成员（从政府官员到普通公民）都使用科学家们在他们工作中所采用的那种特殊的思考方法和行为方法。（inserting parentheses）

•        If you go to visit Nobel’s old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records.

    如果你参观诺贝尔的故居—在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家过了一辈子的单身生活—你将会看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。（inserting two dashes）

Recasting

•        Recasting, also called synthesis, is considered the most difficult technique of all for a translator to grasp. This method is used when all the above-mentioned techniques fail to work well owing to the language structure disparity.

•        Recasting in translation entails skillful control over both the English and Chinese languages on the part of the translator, who, on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original, should flexibly adjust or rearrange it without considering the original structure or sequence. In other words, the translator should exactly convey the idea of the original to the reader in his own wording sequence. 

•        But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and –until toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he overreached himself—an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.

    然而，如果没有阿道夫.希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。因为阿道夫.希特勒有着恶魔般的性格，花岗石般的意志，不可思议的本能，无情的冷酷，杰出的治理，深远的想象力以及对任何对诗句惊人的判断力。这钟判断力最后由于权利和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，终于弄巧成拙。

•        1 International countertrade 2is 3a practice 4whereby 5a supplier commits contractually—6as a condition of sale—7to reciprocate and undertake certain specified commercial initiatives 8that  9compensate and benefit 10the buyer.

    1国际对等贸易 6作为一种销售条件，2是指 5供应方以合同的方式承诺，7通过回报和承办某些特别商务活动 4的方式 9给  购买方 9以补偿和利益 3的一种惯例。

四、Two stages and five steps in translating a long sentence

•        Stage 1 Comprehension

Presenting the long sentence in a skeleton form

Inferring the main idea from the context and the whole text

Distinguishing between the principal and subordinate elements and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses

Stage 2 Presentation

Entering on a tentative translation of each sentence division

Rearrangement and finishing touches

Translation Practice

•        BBC World Service is the world’s biggest radio network, with 140 million listeners across the globe, broadcasting in 44 languages, heard on short-wave, medium-wave, FM and satellite. We have an ambitious plan for the brand new technology of Digital Broadcasting by Satellite, due to start next year. The appearance of the Internet has taken us broadcasters all by surprise. The Internet has enabled any radio station anywhere to become an international broadcaster with only a minor investment. Although its sound quality is far from perfect, it excels that of short-wave. Internet radio does not only mean competition but also great opportunities. The BBC is taking the Internet very seriously, for it’s a cheap way of getting a reasonable quality signal to places in the world that even our short-wave transmitters can’t adequately reach. Very recently, we launched “BBC On-Line”, which incorporates a 24-hour news service. And the users can hear programs in Mandarin, Arabic, Spanish and Russian.  

通过大量实例，进行启发式教学。

本章内容为长句的翻译，学生对所给例句的理解尤为重要。在分析时，遵循英语长句的翻译步骤：在句子理解阶段，引导学生1. 拟出全句的轮廓；2. 根据上下文和全句的内容领会其要旨；3. 辨清全句的主从结构，找出各句之间的从属关系。

从而降低其理解难度，教给学生如何分析长句，逐个攻破翻译难点。

作业与预习布置

课后小结

授课题目

第六章 长句的翻译（英译汉）

教具准备

教材、PPT

授课日期

2008年9月25、29日第 4、5  周

课时安排

3 periods

教学目的与要求

After learning this chapter, the students are expected to

grasp the techniques of translating English long sentences to Chinese

教学重点难点

The techniques of recasting and do the long sentence translation flexibly.

教学设计与时间安排

方法及手段

一、【In-Class Presentation】

二、 Techniques of Translating Long English Sentences

•        Embedding (内嵌法/前置法)

•        Cutting (切分法/顺译法)

•        Splitting （拆译法）

•        Reversing （逆译法）

•        Inserting （插入法/补充说明法）

•        Recasting （重组法）

三、

Embedding

•        Embedding means placing the modifiers (including phrases and clauses) before the word being modified, thus the modifiers are embedded in the Chinese sentence. This is quite opposite to the English order in which modifiers longer than two words usually take the end-position. The pre-position embedding makes the Chinese version compact and coherent, therefore,  it is frequently adopted in translating attributive clauses.

Eg.

•        Nations will usually produce and export those goods in which they have the greatest comparative advantage, and import those items in which they have the least comparative advantage.

    各国通常都生产和出口那些他们最具比较优势的产品，而进口那些他们最不具有比较优势的产品。

•        This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party.

    这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。

•        Someone who has bounced between two parents will not marry with the thought that “we can always get a divorce if it doesn’t work.” Someone who has viewed the nightmarish results of political policies and recreational activities that were rather innocently begun will be more careful to consider the implications of new seductions at the outset.

    一个频频来往于离异父母之间的人，绝不会带着“过不下去总还可以离婚”的想法去结婚。一个目睹合法的政治决策合娱乐活动却落得噩梦般结局的人，面对新的诱惑，就会从一开始便更加小心谨慎地考虑后果。

Cutting

By means of cutting, we may sever a long English sentence and rearrange the parts in sense groups, and then translate them separately into Chinese.（切分法顺应汉语的特点，按照意群来切分英语长句，“化整为零”，使译文符合汉语多用短句的特点。）

•        His hours were most perplexing; he would generally work very late at night, sometimes till four or five in the morning, if there was much work on hand, go to library about eleven, return for lunch, then back to the library again, with perhaps a visit to a Board or Syndicate till tea-time—for he took no exercise except spasmodically.

    他的工作时间很令人费解：他通常工作到深夜，有时直到凌晨四五点钟，如果手头有很多工作的话；十一点左右去图书馆，回来吃午饭，然后又回到图书馆；到下午茶时分他也许去校理事会或者委员会—除了偶尔活动一下，他从来不锻炼。

Splitting

•        Splitting means taking certain elements (word, phrase, or clause) out of a sentence and treating them separately.

•        与切分法不同的是，拆译法需要改变原长句的语序，即英语句子中某些成分的次序有所变动，或提前或挪后。

1)      Splitting a Single word

       An outsider’s success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want.

       说来奇怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望得到的协议。

•        The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible—about one in four.

    大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信！

2) Splitting Phrases

    My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a  mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away.

    我的母亲简.蓝普顿.克莱门斯是在她88岁那年去世的。这对于一位40岁时就身体纤弱、被公认有痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世的人来说，是难得的高龄。

3) Splitting Clauses

    The assertion that it was difficult, if not possible, for a people to enjoy its basic right unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.

    如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。

Reversing

•        Reversing in translating long and complex English sentences refers to adjusting the sequence of a given sentence so as to make it confirm to Chinese usage. A sentence element of pre-position may be placed at the end of the whole text, and on the other hand, an end-position element may be placed at its beginning.

•        And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.

    吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地的敌人，由于一路受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没能占领外围地带。这一事实使我增强了信心。

•        Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

    许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。

•        I don’t think that even I could produce any effect on a character that according to his own brother’s admission is irretrievably weak and vacillating.

    他自己的哥哥都承认他性格懦弱，意志动摇，到了不可救药的地步；对这种人，我看连我也起不了什么作用。

•        In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago—although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more a fraction of it.

    虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，而且任何人也只可能了解其中的一小不分，但事实上，各学科之间界线却变得模糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样的“单一整体”。

Inserting

•        Inserting means putting some additional punctuation marks such as dash, parenthesis, colon, etc., in a long and complex sentence so as to make the Chinese version both clear and smooth. So far as idiomatic Chinese is concerned, the inserting part should be restricted in length (approximately within 20 Chinese characters), otherwise, it would be incongruous with Chinese usage.

•        我国古汉语中没有破折句，也没有使用括号的句子，使用插入法译出的句子不太符合汉语句子的表达习惯，因而被一些学者看做是“欧化句式”。虽然现代汉语已逐渐接纳了这种补充说明的方式，译者还是应该尽量少用这种方法。

•        The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.

    第二个方面是全体社会成员（从政府官员到普通公民）都使用科学家们在他们工作中所采用的那种特殊的思考方法和行为方法。（inserting parentheses）

•        If you go to visit Nobel’s old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records.

    如果你参观诺贝尔的故居—在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家过了一辈子的单身生活—你将会看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。（inserting two dashes）

Recasting

•        Recasting, also called synthesis, is considered the most difficult technique of all for a translator to grasp. This method is used when all the above-mentioned techniques fail to work well owing to the language structure disparity.

•        Recasting in translation entails skillful control over both the English and Chinese languages on the part of the translator, who, on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original, should flexibly adjust or rearrange it without considering the original structure or sequence. In other words, the translator should exactly convey the idea of the original to the reader in his own wording sequence. 

•        But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and –until toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he overreached himself—an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.

    然而，如果没有阿道夫.希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。因为阿道夫.希特勒有着恶魔般的性格，花岗石般的意志，不可思议的本能，无情的冷酷，杰出的治理，深远的想象力以及对任何对诗句惊人的判断力。这钟判断力最后由于权利和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，终于弄巧成拙。

•        1 International countertrade 2is 3a practice 4whereby 5a supplier commits contractually—6as a condition of sale—7to reciprocate and undertake certain specified commercial initiatives 8that  9compensate and benefit 10the buyer.

    1国际对等贸易 6作为一种销售条件，2是指 5供应方以合同的方式承诺，7通过回报和承办某些特别商务活动 4的方式 9给  购买方 9以补偿和利益 3的一种惯例。

四、Two stages and five steps in translating a long sentence

•        Stage 1 Comprehension

Presenting the long sentence in a skeleton form

Inferring the main idea from the context and the whole text

Distinguishing between the principal and subordinate elements and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses

Stage 2 Presentation

Entering on a tentative translation of each sentence division

Rearrangement and finishing touches

Translation Practice

•        BBC World Service is the world’s biggest radio network, with 140 million listeners across the globe, broadcasting in 44 languages, heard on short-wave, medium-wave, FM and satellite. We have an ambitious plan for the brand new technology of Digital Broadcasting by Satellite, due to start next year. The appearance of the Internet has taken us broadcasters all by surprise. The Internet has enabled any radio station anywhere to become an international broadcaster with only a minor investment. Although its sound quality is far from perfect, it excels that of short-wave. Internet radio does not only mean competition but also great opportunities. The BBC is taking the Internet very seriously, for it’s a cheap way of getting a reasonable quality signal to places in the world that even our short-wave transmitters can’t adequately reach. Very recently, we launched “BBC On-Line”, which incorporates a 24-hour news service. And the users can hear programs in Mandarin, Arabic, Spanish and Russian.  

通过大量实例，进行启发式教学。

本章内容为长句的翻译，学生对所给例句的理解尤为重要。在分析时，遵循英语长句的翻译步骤：在句子理解阶段，引导学生1. 拟出全句的轮廓；2. 根据上下文和全句的内容领会其要旨；3. 辨清全句的主从结构，找出各句之间的从属关系。

从而降低其理解难度，教给学生如何分析长句，逐个攻破翻译难点。

作业与预习布置

课后小结

授课题目

第七章 长句的翻译（汉译英）

教具准备

教材、PPT

授课日期

2008年 10月9 日 第 6 周

课时安排

2 periods

教学目的与要求

After learning this chapter, the students are expected to be able to:

1.      grasp the main techniques of translating long Chinese sentences;

2.      apply these techniques to do translation practice.

教学重点难点

Restructure the long sentences and distinguish the principal clause and the subordinate clauses so as to put them into English in translation practice

教学设计与时间安排

方法及手段

汉英翻译中的长句处理

•                                顺译法

•                                断句法

•                                综合法

1. 顺译法

译者将一个汉语长句看作一个大的意群，按照句子之间的内在逻辑关系确定主次，判断哪个成分应作句子主句，哪个成分应作从句，然后将其译成英语长句。

该译法的优点是能够保持原句的句势，给人一气呵成的感觉。

例：（他一生仕途坎坷，几度遭贬。）他的朋友藤子京被贬岳州（今湖南岳阳），重修岳阳楼，写信请他为岳阳楼写篇记，尽管那时范仲淹在政治上遭受很大的打击，被贬在邓州，身体欠佳，但他还是答应了藤子京的要求，在邓州的花州书院挥毫撰写了著名的《岳阳楼记》。

译文：When Teng Zijing, his friend relegated to Yuezhou (where Yueyang in Hunan Province stands today), decided to renovate the Yueyang Tower and wrote to him asking him to write a memorial note of the renovation, Fan Zhongyan, though in poor health, composed the famous “Note of the Yueyang Tower” at Huazhou Academy in Dengzhou where he himself had been relegated following a series of  setbacks in his political career.

2.断句法

断句法是指译者根据汉语长句的内容，先将其切分成数个意群，再一一翻译的方法。

例：他要我介绍唐山大地震给天津带来的灾情，又要我介绍天津作家的情况，说那两次重返故乡，他都没有听说过天津也有作家，特别是听到作家写作不仅拿稿费而且月月有薪金时，仿佛是一大发现，惊奇地在笔记本上做了记录。

译文：He asked how Tianjin had been affected by the Tangshan earthquake and then he said he would like to be furnished with some information about Tianjin writers because, during his previous visits to Tianjin, it had never occurred to him that there was any writer in his city. When he learned that writers in China were paid regular salaries, apart from contribution fees for their writings, he was so amazed that he put it in his notebook as if he had discovered something unusual.

3.综合法

断句和合句（篇章上下文）同时并用的方法。

例：中国是一个发展中的海洋大国。中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略，加强海洋综合管理，不断完善海洋法律制度，积极发展海洋科学技术和教育。

As a major developing country with a long coastline, China attaches great importance to marine development and protection, taking it as the state’s development strategy. It is constantly strengthening comprehensive marine management, steadily improving its marine-related laws, and actively developing science, technology and education pertaining to the oceans.

Exercises

转变教育思想

    教育思想的转变需要我们拓宽专业面，增强适应性，按照知识、能力、智慧、素质协调发展的要求，构造新的人才培养模式，培养高素质、高层次、多样化、创造性的人才；在教育质量观上，要改变过去那种单向传授知识，学生被动学习，以考试分数作为衡量教育成果的唯一标准的观念，要用新的眼光判断什么是好的学校、什么是好的课程、什么是好的教育效果、什么是好的老师、什么是好的学生等问题。

    简而言之，要创建世界一流大学，不改革不行；要搞好教育改革，不转变教育观念不行。

Notes and explanations:

•                                更新教育观念：renovate educational concept

•                                拓宽专业面：widen the sphere/scope of specialties

•                                增强适应性：enhance the adaptability

•                                协调发展：develop comprehensive abilities of

•                                新的人才培养模式：a new mode of fostering qualified personnel

•                                高素质、高层次、多样化、创造性的人才：qualified and creative personnel of diversified specialties at high levels

•                                用新的眼光判断…：to view…with new standards

•                                世界一流大学：a world-class university

Translation 

The Change of Educational Ideology

   The change of educational ideology requires us to widen the sphere of specialties, enhance the adaptability, and frame. a new education mode to develop comprehensive abilities of the students in such aspects as knowledge, aptitude, intelligence, and personal quality, etc., so as to construct a new mode of fostering qualified and creative personnel of diversified specialties at high levels. As regards the quality of education, we should change the traditional mode of classroom teaching--with teachers elaborating all the time and students passively imputing. And so is the concept of considering scores as the sole criterion for the evaluation of the result of education. We should view some education issues with new standards, such as the criteria for good school, good curricula, good effect of education, good teachers and good students, etc.

   In brief, a world-class university cannot come true without reform, nor will education reform. succeed without changing traditional educational concept.

本章内容较难，采取精讲多练的方式，使学生体会汉语长句的翻译方法。

汉语长句的翻译对学习者的词汇、句法有较高要求。在讲解实例过程中，为降低难度，帮助学生理解，要引导学生分析句子结构，明确主句和从句，做到层层分析，个个击破。

对于练习题的翻译，要先和学生一起分析句子结构，划分出层次，并提示关键词，降低难度，最后引导其组织语言翻译。

作业与预习布置

课后小结